MODELS OF MODERNIZATION
The principle generalization upon which the following descriptive analysis of selected examples of modernization is based is that there are two basic approaches: 1) liberal modernization, and 2) conservative modernization.
In the various countries to be investigated, one or the other pattern is principally predominate. Once modernization begins, it appears that divergence in political, social and ethical values is more evident than the convergence presumed by earlier modernization theory. There are four factors that appear to be decisive in this process:
1. The character of pre-modern society. That is the presence or absence of important aspects of traditional society, which survive to interact with the forces of modernization to shape the character of resulting societies, e.g. a feudal experience.
2. The time when change in the traditional order began and the pace with which the process continued, i.e., early and slowly or late and rapidly.
3. The manner with which modernization was initiated, i.e. whether the stimulus came from below and from individuals as in the West, or from traditional elites dictating modernization from above.
4. The major source of capital investment, i.e. was the process capital or labor intensive?