Long Term Memory: Other Models

I. Tulving’s multiple memory systems

A. two different types of LTM
1. episodic vs. semantic (Tulving, 1972)
B. episodic memory: information about one’s personal experiences
1. organization is temporal

2. important for performance on laboratory memory tests

3. retrieval = "remember when"

C. semantic memory: general knowledge
1. meaning & facts

2. organization in a mental lexicon

3. retrieval = "remember/know that"

D. neurological evidence
1. Case 1 - Gene
a. damage to the frontal & temporal lobes, left hippocampus
b. does not remember particular events (e.g., birthdays, etc.), but remembers facts (e.g., the name of his school)
  2. Case 2 - a woman
a. damage to the front temporal lobe
b. episodic memory (events from her life), but loss of semantic memory (e.g., the color of a mouse, where soap would be found)
  3. hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry
a. left prefrontal cortex: retrieval from semantic memory
b. right prefrontal cortex: episodic memory retrieval
E. criticisms
1. do they need to be in separate systems?
II. An additional distinction
A. declarative memory
1. episodic memory

2. semantic memory

B. procedural memory: remember how
C. evidence from amnesia
1. Clive

2. H.M.

III. A final distinction: Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
A. Explicit memory
1. things that are consciously recollected

2. important for recall and recognition tasks

B. Implicit memory
1. memory without awareness

2. implicit memory tasks

a. repetition priming
1. facilitation after recent exposure

2. tested with stem completion, word fragments

a. no priming for nonwords
b. priming within the same morphology (e.g., sees -> seen, but not seed)
  b. perceptual skills (e.g., H.M.’s mirror tracing)
c. classical and operant conditioning
3. amnesia and implicit memory
a. Korsakoff’s patient could not remember being shocked, but was afraid that he would be shocked when he saw Korsakoff!

b. Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970)
 

1. tested amnesics and controls on 4 tasks: recall, recognition, stem completion, & word fragment identification

2. differences on explicit tasks only
4. occurs in normals, too
a. some repetition priming effects can last for a week
C. explanations of dissociation on explicit and implicit tasks
1. two memory stores
a. explicit relies on declarative memory

b. implicit relies on procedural memory

2. common memory system, different cognitive processes
a. implicit memory relies on perceptual processing

b. explicit memory relies on conceptual processing

D. the process dissociation framework
1. Jacoby argues against two memory systems
a. measures are not pure measures of any memory system

b. combination of automatic and intentional processes

1. explicit recall depends upon intentional recollection
2. implicit performance: automatic, doesn’t require awareness
  c. to test: set up a situation where automatic processes interfere or facilitate performance (similar to the Stroop task)
  2. false fame experiments (Jacoby et al., 1989)
  a. study list of nonfamous people under full or divided attention conditions

b. second list with famous names, studied names, and new names
 

1. asked to make fame judgments

2. those in the divided attention condition made more false judgments
 

a. could only rely on automatic processes such as familiarity
3. other examples
a. truth judgments
1. illusion of truth: familiarity increased credibility
  b. loudness judgments & the noise illusion
c. source monitoring failures
1. mug shots, "deja vu"
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