Cross-Cultural Psychology is a
sub-discipline of general psychology. It uses
tests and other established psychological research procedures in its
attempts to establish universal laws of behavior, while maintaining
as much "hard-science-rigor" as possible. CCP is almost entirely
ahistorical. Its main discovery seems to be that most findings
obtained from laboratory research with Western-educated samples can
seldom be replicated in other cultures. Among mainstream American
general psychologists, CCP research has been widely ignored, until
recently.
Triandis(1994) states that "Almost every important phenomenon
in psychology has both a universal and a culture-specific aspect."
(p.34). He gives some interesting examples of such universal and
culture-specific psychological phenomena; however, in the vast
literature of general psychology, such examples are a
rarity.
Cultural Psychology is an emerging discipline which studies "The way cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self and emotion." (Shweder, in Goldberger & Veroff, 1995, p. 41). Furthermore, according to Shweder, the central theme of CP is "that you cannot take the stuff out of the psyche and you cannot take the psyche out of the stuff...CP does not presume that the fundamentals of mental life are by nature fixed, universal, abstract, and interior...It presumes, instead, individual intentionality and it assumes that intentional persons change and are changed by the concrete particulars of their own mentally-constituted forms of life...Thus, CP, properly understood and practiced, is heretical." (Shweder, ibid, p. 66)
Shweder, R., in Goldberger, N. & Veroff,
J.(Eds.) (1995) The culture and psychology reader. New York:
New York University Press.
Triandis, H.(1994) Culture and social behavior.New York: McGraw-Hill.