1. Process of Colonization and colonial rivalry between British and Dutch.

2. Territorial Expansion of the European Colony into areas held by African Tribal Groups

3. Economic diversification: Industrialization, Plantation Agriculture

4. Social Stratification, Immigrant groups: Chinese and Indians

5. End of Colonial Rule 1948

Main Focus: Effect of the Rivalry between the British and the Dutch (Boers/Afrikaners) for control of the Colony and the Development of Apartheid.

A Historical Background: Establishment of the Colony

1. 1652 Dutch East India Co. Jan van Riebeeck est. station at Cape (strategic location for shipping to Asia).

2. Hottentots - local Africans decimated by Small pox.

3. Dutch followed by Germans, French settlers who brought in slaves from Mozambique and Madagascar.

4. Development of a colored population (Capetown Coloreds).

5. Continued immigration from Europe.

6. 1795 British seize Capetown ending 150 years of Dutch rule. Established stratified society.

7. 1834 British institute a ban on slavery - no compensation

8. 1835-38 Boers (Afrikaners) leave Cape to escape British rule and trek northward to establish Boer Republics along the Transvaal and Orange Rivers. New states openly racist and allow slavery. Farming includes plantations in sugar, coffee and cotton.

9. 1936-38 Zulu wars. Zulus murder Boer leader and 500 trekkers but more follow. Trekkers defeat 10,000 Zulu warriors at the Battle of Blood River.

10. 1867 Gold discovered. This marks the change from predominantly subsistence farming and trade to mining and industry.

11. 1893 Mahatma Ghandhi embarks on passive resistance campaign to counter discrimination against Indians.

12. 1899-1902 Boer War.

13. 1907 White Miners Strike over pay in the gold mines. Color Bar established.

14. 1910 Union of South Africa est. blacks excluded from vote except for indirect representation in Cape.

15. 1912 African National Congress (ANC) founded.

16. 1913 Native Land Act passed.

Broder Bond Established - white supremacy group.

17. 1934 National Part est. by Daniel Malan and "apartheid" or "separate development" becomes is main platform.

18 1948 British withdraw and South Africa is given independence.

B. Struggle Against Apartheid

1. 1948 South Africa stays in Commonwealth. National Party forms new government. Apartheid becomes established by laws that regulate residence, marriage, property, occupations. Blacks are reduced to laborers in the country that has become defined as White.

2 ANC begins Defiance Campaign

3 1956 "Colored" (mixed race) removed from voter rolls.

4. Hendrik Verwoerd, architect of ideological apartheid, elected Prime Minister.

5. 1960-61 Sharpville - Police kill 69 protesters, Pan Africanist Congress leader Robert Sobukwe is jailed. ANC PAC banned, South Africa leaves British Commonwealth. ANC turns to armed struggle.

6. 1964 Nelson Mandela and seven ANC members jailed for life for sabotage and treason.

7. Verwoerd assassinated by parliamentary messenger.

8. 1976-77 Soweto Uprising - student protest compulsory teaching n Afrikaans language. Hundreds killed. Steve Biko killed in detention. UIN imposes embargo.

9. 1983-4 New Constitution extends franchise to Colored and Indian minorities. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wins Nobel Peace Prize.

10. 1986 Mixed marriage Act and pass laws abolished. Emergency rule imposed to suppress blacks rebellion. NP decides to seek political system that encludes blacks. Gov't begins secret negations with Mandela. U.S. imposes sanctions.

11. 1990-91 De Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela, begins talks to end apartheid. Emergency rules is lifted. Apartheid laws scrapped. Negotiations begin.

12. 1993 Govt and ANC strike a power sharing deal. Right-wing groups form Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF) First elections set for April 1994. Mandela and De Klerk win Nobel Peace Prize.

13. 1994 Inkatha Freedom party ends vote boycott in return for constitutionals guarantees for Zulu Monarch and right to self-determination. Mandela inaugurated as first black President May 10.

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